{"id":32355,"date":"2026-04-13T14:58:44","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T18:58:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/?p=32355"},"modified":"2026-04-13T14:58:45","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T18:58:45","slug":"the-gavel-falls","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/insights\/the-gavel-falls","title":{"rendered":"The gavel falls"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>On Feb. 20, in a largely anticipated and seminal decision, the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) struck down the use of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) as the basis for the Trump administration\u2019s sweeping global tariff policy. IEEPA accounted for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cato.org\/ieepa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">more than 60 percent of the tariffs <\/a> implemented since April 2025 and in place at the time of the decision. As such, this represents a meaningful challenge to the government\u2019s trade agenda and policies. In effect, it prevents President Trump from weaponizing IEEPA as a blunt-force object to implement tariffs on a sweeping and immediate basis to effect a targeted restructuring and reorientation of U.S. foreign trade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To be clear, this ruling does not eliminate U.S. tariffs, but rather forces a broader procedural framework around tariff policy going forward. According to RBC Global Asset Management (RBC GAM), without IEEPA the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbcgam.com\/en\/ca\/article\/macromemo-march-10-23-2026\/detail#trump-pivots-after-ieepa-tariffs-struck-down\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">effective tariff rate on U.S. imports falls from 13.6 percent <\/a> to 7.6 percent&nbsp;(prior to any replacement tariffs\u2014more on this shortly).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One might liken the introduction of this procedural framework to a more scalpel-like approach to tariff policy\u2014i.e., it will take time for the Trump administration to implement a more durable and legally based tariff policy. That said, the Trump administration\u2014fully expecting that SCOTUS would rule against its use of IEEPA\u2014had been seeking alternatives since the court began reviewing the case. Several other sectors and\/or products that were previously covered by IEEPA remain under investigation for reclassification to other forms of tariffs. There are, in fact, several other avenues vis-\u00e0-vis trade law that the administration is considering, as summarized here:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-selected-authorities-to-impose-tariffs\">Selected authorities to impose tariffs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-rbcwm-table\"><table class=\"table table-border-horizontal\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Statutory tariff authorities<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Reason for imposing tariffs<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Agency required to make findings<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Maximum limit on duration of action<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Maximum limit on tariff rate<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a><strong>Section 232<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td>Threats to national security<\/td><td>Secretary of Commerce<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>None<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Section 201<\/strong><\/td><td>Injury to domestic industry<\/td><td>International Trade Commission<\/td><td>Four years; may be extended to eight years in total<\/td><td>50%; contains phasedown requirement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Section 301<\/strong><\/td><td>Trade agreement violations; certain other practices<\/td><td><a>U.S. Trade Representative<\/a><\/td><td>Four years; may be extended with no upper limit<\/td><td>None<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Section 122<\/strong><\/td><td>International payments problems<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>150 days<\/td><td>15%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Section 338<\/strong><\/td><td>Discrimination against U.S. commerce<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>50%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>IEEPA<\/strong><\/td><td>National emergency<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><sub>Source: Congressional Research Service; Congressional and Presidential Authority to Impose Tariffs.<\/sub><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>No sooner had the decision by SCOTUS been released than Trump sprang into action and signed an executive order invoking Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974 to impose a 10 percent global tariff (which he later threatened would increase to 15 percent, though this remains to be confirmed at this time). However, this legislation only allows the tariff to remain in place for up to 150 days, after which congressional approval is required. We surmise that the use of the more restrained Section 122 tariffs may serve as a placeholder while the administration explores how other sections could be appropriated to enforce more sustained tariffs over the medium to long term. Some haste on this front is likely owing to the looming Nov. 2026 midterm congressional elections, and Trump\u2019s desire to demonstrate a \u201cwin\u201d to support and justify his preeminent economic policy thus far into his second term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Following the issuance of the executive order under Section 122, the new effective global tariff rate lands at 10.6 percent (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbcgam.com\/en\/ca\/article\/macromemo-march-10-23-2026\/detail#trump-pivots-after-ieepa-tariffs-struck-down\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">based on RBC GAM\u2019s estimates <\/a>), provided the 10 percent baseline is maintained. Should the administration ultimately opt for 15 percent, the effective rate would increase to 12.1 percent. Still, both estimates are better than the aforementioned 13.6 percent tariff rate that was in place under IEEPA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ieepa-ruling-and-section-122-replacement-nets-out-to-a-lower-effective-tariff-rate\">IEEPA ruling and Section 122 replacement nets out to a lower effective tariff rate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"572\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart1-1380x680-EN_ec4b47.jpg?w=1024\" alt=\"IEEPA ruling and Section 122 replacement nets out to a lower effective tariff rate\" class=\"wp-image-32402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart1-1380x680-EN_ec4b47.jpg 1380w, https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart1-1380x680-EN_ec4b47.jpg?resize=300,168 300w, https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart1-1380x680-EN_ec4b47.jpg?resize=768,429 768w, https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart1-1380x680-EN_ec4b47.jpg?resize=1024,572 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-cheques-in-the-mail-tariff-refunds-are-not-as-simple-as-a-30-day-money-back-guarantee-but-they-are-an-economic-tailwind-nonetheless\"><strong><em>Cheques in the mail!<\/em> Tariff refunds are not as simple as a 30-day \u201cmoney back\u201d guarantee, but they are an economic tailwind nonetheless<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In SCOTUS\u2019s ruling striking down the IEEPA tariffs, there was no decision regarding importers\u2019 eligibility for refunds. However, in early March, the U.S. Court of International Trade (CIT) ordered refunds for all importers that had been subject to the tariffs. The Department of Justice (DOJ), to no one\u2019s surprise, sought a stay of that decision pending appeal, though this was denied. An appeal of the refund order can still be pursued; however, at the time of writing, no such decision has been made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2026\/03\/12\/us\/politics\/trump-tariff-refunds-delay.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">recent New York Times report <\/a>, the administration has said it could take the government as many as \u201c4,431,161 hours\u201d to manually process all the refund requests. It estimates there were more than 53 million entries for goods subject to the IEEPA duties now deemed illegal. Returning this money would take time and we are not holding our breath that Trump intends to make the refund process easier. In contrast, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has indicated that issuance of refunds could begin as early as late April, pending certain technological system updates. Still, we believe uncertainty remains regarding whether refunds will be paid in full and how long the process will take given the enormity and complexity of the undertaking. We remain cautious as to whether it will be resolved fully and fairly in favour of the tariff payers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Setting aside the potential for an extended timeline for settling importers\u2019 refunds, in our view such an injection of capital back into the economy represents a fiscal tailwind for the U.S. economy. According to CBP, more than US$160 billion in tariff revenue was collected from importers under IEEPA, which, based on RBC GAM\u2019s estimates, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbcgam.com\/en\/ca\/article\/macromemo-march-10-23-2026\/detail#trump-pivots-after-ieepa-tariffs-struck-down\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">would amount to roughly 0.5 percent of GDP <\/a>. This represents a small but meaningful boon to profitability for these importers in the short to medium term. Yet we wouldn\u2019t necessarily expect a similar boost to consumer spending (which usually delivers a more meaningful multiplier effect on the U.S. economy), as many importers have shielded consumers from absorbing the brunt of tariffs thus far.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is worth noting that consumers who ultimately paid the cost of the tariffs through higher prices will not be compensated in any way, unless an eligible company chooses to do so. This sets up another political headache for the Trump administration: corporations are seen as \u201cwinning\u201d from these now-illegal tariffs at the expense of average (and many of them financially struggling) Americans. &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For now, we believe the decision by SCOTUS to strike down IEEPA is a net positive overall. The introduction of a procedural framework deprives the Trump administration from imposing broad-based tariff policy on a whim, or at best on questionable grounds. Arguably, it demonstrates the existence of some checks and balances between the executive and judicial arms of the U.S. government, even against the backdrop of a conservative-leaning Supreme Court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lastly, for the immediate term, tariff rates overall have moved lower, potentially providing a release valve on persistent inflationary pressures in the economy. The caveat is some degree of continued uncertainty for U.S. corporations and their trading partners regarding where tariffs will ultimately land in the medium to long term, pending the conclusion of the ongoing reviews by the Trump administration and the requisite potential approvals. Still, the uncertainty would seem lower than it has been since last April.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-global-trade-policy-uncertainty-fell-after-supreme-court-struck-down-ieepa-tariffs\">Global trade policy uncertainty fell after Supreme Court struck down IEEPA tariffs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"519\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart2-1380x700-EN.jpg?w=1024\" alt=\"Global trade policy uncertainty fell after Supreme Court struck down IEEPA tariffs\" class=\"wp-image-32397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart2-1380x700-EN.jpg 1380w, https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart2-1380x700-EN.jpg?resize=300,152 300w, https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart2-1380x700-EN.jpg?resize=768,390 768w, https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart2-1380x700-EN.jpg?resize=1024,519 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-summer-forecast-hot-sweat-inducing-days-ahead-as-cusma-remains-the-key-for-canada-with-negotiations-on-the-horizon\">Summer forecast: Hot, sweat-inducing days ahead, as CUSMA remains the key for Canada with negotiations on the horizon<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The recent SCOTUS IEEPA tariffs ruling has little impact on Canada, given that the trade we do with the U.S. is broadly covered and protected under the Canada-U.S.-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA). But this means that the renegotiation of the agreement this summer is far more consequential. In contrast, countries such as China, and Emerging Markets more broadly, stand to benefit more meaningfully from the revocation of IEEPA tariffs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-canada-retains-low-comparable-tariff-rate-under-section-122-tariffs\">Canada retains low comparable tariff rate under section 122 tariffs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"742\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart3-1380x1000-EN.jpg?w=1024\" alt=\"Canada retains low comparable tariff rate under section 122 tariffs\" class=\"wp-image-32399\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart3-1380x1000-EN.jpg 1380w, https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart3-1380x1000-EN.jpg?resize=300,217 300w, https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart3-1380x1000-EN.jpg?resize=768,557 768w, https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/04\/Chart3-1380x1000-EN.jpg?resize=1024,742 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Still, Canada-specific sectors such as steel, aluminum, copper and softwood lumber are currently very much subject to steep tariffs under Section 232. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/economics\/us-analysis\/us-featured-analysis\/us-supreme-court-ruling-does-not-mean-tariffs-are-going-away\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reports show that the Trump administration <\/a> is considering additional sectoral tariffs aimed at industries such as semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, critical minerals and commercial aerospace and jet engines, suggesting some material near-term risk for Canada. However, the U.S. Commerce Department must conduct a formal investigation and produce a report of its findings in favour of such a move before these tariffs can be implemented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CUSMA renegotiations on this front have already begun between the U.S. and Canada. As we indicated in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/insights\/canadas-2026-economic-and-market-outlook-a-double-double-half-full\">our January report<\/a>, we believe Canada will ultimately secure a \u201cbetter than feared\u201d outcome on CUSMA 2.0. However, in keeping with Trump\u2019s style, we expect the negative rhetoric will intensify leading into the decision and that the U.S. will continue to leverage its economic heft as Canada\u2019s key trading partner to extract concessions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>U.S. Supreme Court strikes down IEEPA tariffs, while Canada braces for looming CUSMA negotiations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":32394,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"rbcwm_post_date":"2026-04-13T16:24:55","editor_notices":[],"rbc_url_alias":"","rbcwm_featured_desktop_image_position":"","rbcwm_featured_mobile_image_position":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[73],"tags":[901,1012,1011],"rbcwm_content_owner":[],"rbcwm_need":[68,84,69],"rbcwm_segment":[75],"rbcwm_solution":[129,82],"rbcwm_topic":[74,113,94],"rbcwm_channel":[],"rbcwm_format":[],"class_list":["post-32355","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis","tag-cusma","tag-ieep-tariffs","tag-ieepa","rbcwm_need-grow","rbcwm_need-protect","rbcwm_need-support","rbcwm_segment-business-owners-and-entrepreneurs","rbcwm_solution-investments","rbcwm_solution-wealth-planning","rbcwm_topic-global-insights","rbcwm_topic-your-business","rbcwm_topic-your-wealth"],"acf":{"rbcwm_subtitle":"U.S. Supreme Court strikes down IEEPA tariffs, while Canada braces for looming CUSMA negotiations.","rbcwm_post_author":[16992],"rbcwm_custom_breadcrumb_text":"","rbcwm_custom_breadcrumb_link_url":"","rbcwm_disclaimers":{"add_disclosures":"","perspective_disclaimer":["Yes"],"expandable":"","omit_from_pages":["Yes"],"disclaimer_footnote":"This commentary is based on information that is believed to be accurate at the time of writing, and is subject to change.\u00a0 All opinions and estimates contained in this report constitute RBC Phillips, Hager &amp; North Investment Counsel Inc.\u2019s judgment as of the date of this report, are subject to change without notice and are provided in good faith but without legal responsibility. Interest rates, market conditions and other investment factors are subject to change. Past performance may not be repeated. The information provided is intended only to illustrate certain historical returns and is not intended to reflect future values or returns. This commentary has been prepared for use by the RBC Wealth Management member companies, RBC Dominion Securities Inc.*, RBC Phillips, Hager &amp; North Investment Counsel Inc., RBC Global Asset Management Inc., Royal Trust Corporation of Canada and The Royal Trust Company (collectively, the \u201cCompanies\u201d) and their affiliate, Royal Mutual Funds Inc. (RMFI). *Member \u2013 Canada Investor Protection Fund. Each of the Companies, RMFI and Royal Bank of Canada are separate corporate entities which are affiliated."},"rbcwm_insight_cta_id":[11937],"rbcwm_pagination":{"next_link":"","next_link_text":"Next article","previous_link":"","previous_link_text":"Previous article"},"rbcwm_video_duration":"","article_time":"","rbcwm_enable_toc":false,"rbcwm_toc_selector":"h2"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.8 (Yoast SEO v26.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The gavel falls<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"U.S. Supreme Court strikes down IEEPA tariffs, while Canada braces for looming CUSMA negotiations.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/en-ca\/insights\/the-gavel-falls\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta 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